Hello Judges & Court Personnel,
As January is upon us, we wanted to make sure that you have all of the resources related to Juvenile Diversions in one place. Remember, the new Juvenile Diversion Programs must be up and running by January 1, 2025, including courts providing public access to their Juvenile/Youth Diversion Plans.
You may have already taken a course at a 20-hr program, one of our webinars, or completed the self-paced module and have seen many of these resources before, but note that there are additional resources compiled here.
You will also find an FAQ below with some common questions.
TJCTC Resources
You can access many resources related to Juvenile Diversion on TJCTC’s website (https://www.tjctc.org/).
- Juvenile Deskbook Chapter 3A – https://www.tjctc.org/tjctc-resources/deskbooks.html
- Juvenile Diversion Self-Paced Module – https://www.tjctc.org/onlinelearning/selfpacedmodules.html
- Juvenile Criminal Diversion Forms *NEW* – https://www.tjctc.org/tjctc-resources/forms.html
- Juvenile Criminal Diversion Flowchart *NEW* – https://www.tjctc.org/tjctc-resources/charts-and-checklists.html
Frequently Asked Questions
We receive some questions often, and wanted to include them as a reference guide.
Fees:
Can you clarify or help me find where in the statute it states courts have to pay for any outside program assigned during the youth diversion program. CCP Art. 45.312 states there can’t be a fee assessed by the courts other than the $50 fee, but not for any outside program referred to such as drug/alcohol class etc. There are many interpretations made by different courts and would like clarification or your perspective.
From P. 86 of the Juvenile Deskbook: The court may collect from a child’s parent (not the child) a $50 Local Youth Diversion Administrative Fee to defray the costs of the diversion, but only if the fee is an accepted term in the diversion agreement. Code of Criminal Procedure Art. 45.312(a), (b). Diversion may not be made contingent on payment of a fee. Code of Criminal Procedure Art. 45.312(i). No other costs or fees may be assessed for a diversion. Code of Criminal Procedure Art. 45.312(h).
Since no other fees may be assessed or required, TJCTC believes that a child cannot be forced to pay for a program as part of a diversion. Options include the court/county using the fund created from the $50 administrative fee, Local Youth Diversion Fund, County Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Fund, or other general court funds to cover the costs of programs and/or entering into agreements with service providers for the programs to be made available to diverted children without cost. (Note, these specific Funds are discussed in the next FAQ).
Juvenile Case Managers and Funding:
What funding sources are available to help pay the salary or a Juvenile Case Manager/Youth Diversion Coordinator or supplement the salary of a court clerk who will serve in the role part time?
There are several funds related to Juvenile Diversions and pay for Juvenile Case Managers (JCM) and Youth Diversion Coordinators (YDC). First, it is important that while in practice these position titles are hard to distinguish, many of the statutes do only apply to one or the other.
A court can designate a YDC, but only a Commissioners Court can designate a JCM.
First, we have the Administrative $50 fee under CCP Art. 45.312(a) that is the only fee assessed in a Juvenile Diversion. The purpose of this money is “to offset the costs of diversion” and it should be placed in an “account to offset the costs of diversion.” Note, the statute does not require this money to be put in one of the other funds that we discuss later. We believe these funds can be used to fund both the salary of a full-time JCM or YDC and as a supplement to a clerk, but since it isn’t collected until a diversion case comes in, it might be difficult to use this year for this purpose from an accounting perspective.
Local Youth Diversion Fund (Local Government Code [LGC] 134.156) - this fund is funded by $5 from the Local Consolidated Cost charged as part of court costs. See LGC 134.103. This fund can be used for the salary and benefits of a full-time JCM, but “money in the fund may not be used to supplement the income of an employee whose primary role is not that of a juvenile case manager.” This means that in a county where there a JCM is spending their majority of the time on Juvenile Diversions and Truancy, then their salary could be funded by this fund. This fund won’t be available for a supplement for a JCM or YDC who primarily serves as a clerk. If a court doesn’t have a JCM, but does designate a YDC, they cannot use the Local Youth Diversion Fund to fund that position, even if that person does mostly juvenile work.
County Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Fund (CCP Art. 102.0171) – This fund is funded by $50 from Graffiti offenses after Jan. 1, 2025, and can be used to “providing funding for youth diversion.” This funding could be used to fund JCMs or YDC, but because justice courts do not start contributing this fee to this fund until 2025, there may or may not be adequate funds for this purpose.
The Justice Court Assistance and Technology Fund (CCP Art. 102.0173) – One of the allowable uses of this fund is “education, benefits, and salaries for court personnel.” This fund can absolutely be used to fund the salary of a JCM or YDC employed by the court or to supplement a court clerk’s salary who will serve as a JCM or YDC.
Local Government Code 133.125(c) also allows for counties to apply for funds from the Governor, ” A local governmental entity may request funds from the criminal justice division of the governor’s office for providing youth diversion services. The division may award the requested funds based on the availability of appropriated funds and subject to the application procedure and eligibility requirements specified by division rule.” These funds could be used for the salary or supplemental salary of a person serving as a JCM or YDC.
Expunction of Records:
When does expunction of records happen in Juvenile Diversions?
If the child is placed on diversion, then all records of the diversion must be expunged without the requirement of a motion or request, on the child’s 18th birthday pursuant to CCP Art. 45.313, whether or not the juvenile is successful. When a case is expunged, all records must be destroyed, and the existence of the case cannot be made known to anyone for any reason. For more information about juvenile diversion, please see Ch. 3A of TJCTC’s Juvenile Deskbook.
Note, criminal charges filed, even if dismissed, would not be expunged automatically under this statute (but may be expunged under other statutes depending on the situation).
Tracking Cases:
We are trying to find a good way to track our cases that will be referred to the Juvenile Diversion Program. If we enter these cases in our case management system (Odyssey) and mark them as “sealed” or “locked” records, would that be sufficient to comply with the statute? I understand that they cannot remain “active cases”, but that way we would still have a way of keeping track of those individuals.
Using a different case type or something like you have described makes sense. We do not see any major issues with this, as long as the records are handled appropriately under the statute if the juvenile completes the juvenile diversion successfully.
Remember, diversion cases should only be tracked for the purpose of accounting, for statistical records of diversion strategies, and ultimately reporting successful diversions. They will be confidential and are not actually pending criminal cases (and if they were filed, should be dismissed) while the juvenile is in the diversion process.
Minor Alcohol Cases & Diversion:
What about MIC, MIP, and DUI?
Remember, for the purposes of juvenile diversions, we are only talking about juveniles under the age of 17, minors aged 17-21 will not be eligible for this diversion, and will be handled according to standard procedures.
Starting January 1, 2025, juvenile diversions are available to all offenses in justice court that are not traffic offenses. The crimes of minor in possession and minor in consumption are not traffic offenses. Therefore, an eligible child would be entitled to diversion for these alleged offenses.
Our position is that Driving Under the Influence (DUI) [not Driving While Intoxicated – that is a higher-level case handled in other courts] is not a traffic offense either and would be entitled to diversion.
Absent an express definition, words and phrases take on their normal meanings. Ultimately, it will be up to the court to decide if they believe that DUI falls into the category of “traffic offenses” or not, as there is no explicit definition.
This is one way to think about what “traffic offenses” means. Imagine that a teenager wanted to intern in your court. You asked her whether she’s had any legal trouble besides traffic offenses. If she had been caught driving under the influence, would she be lying if she had said “no?” We think she would be. That’s why we think DUI is not a traffic offense and should be subject to diversion. Additionally, while it doesn’t apply specifically to juvenile diversions, the only definition of “traffic offenses” involves offenses in certain sections of the Transportation Code, and DUI by a Minor is in the Alcoholic Beverages Code.
Intermediate Diversion Outcomes:
What happens if a juvenile is on an intermediate diversion (handled by the Juvenile Case Manager/Youth Diversion Coordinator)?
If the child successfully complies with the agreement, the case shall be closed and reported as a successful diversion to the court. Code of Criminal Procedure Art. 45.309(c). If the child fails to comply, the child is referred for a non-adversarial hearing before the court. At this hearing, the court may hear from any person the court finds helpful in determining the best path forward, considering the best interests of the child and long-term safety of the community. Code of Criminal Procedure Art. 45.311(a),(b). If the court determines that the diversion was unsuccessful, the case may be referred to the prosecutor for a possible criminal filing or sent to the Juvenile Court.
More information about these hearings can be found on pages 85-86 of the Juvenile Deskbook.
Additional Resources
- Texas Municipal Education Center (TMCEC)’s Youth Diversion Page – https://www.tmcec.com/youth-diversion/
- Texas Juvenile Mental Health and Intellectual Developmental Disabilities Law Bench Book – https://www.texasjcmh.gov/publications/bench-books-code-book
- Family Guide to Children’s Mental Health Services – https://www.hhs.texas.gov/sites/default/files/documents/services/mental-health-substance-use/family-guide-childrens-mental-health-services.pdf
- Fact Sheet: Drug Testing and Wellness Considerations in Juvenile Treatment Courts (This is directed at treatment courts, but is a good resource to review when thinking about what kinds of strategies might be useful for juveniles with substance abuse issues) – https://allrise.org/publications/fact-sheet-drug-testing-and-wellness-considerations-in-juvenile-treatment-courts/
- Youth.gov (Prevention and Early Intervention) – https://youth.gov/youth-topics/juvenile-justice/prevention-and-early-intervention
